Nebulizer use in the ED setting is associated with greater increases in heart rate than with the use of an MDI with spacer/holding chamber, suggesting that a larger systemically absorbed dose is ...

The Aerochamber TM (Monaghan Medical Corporation, Plattsburgh, NY) is a standard spacer. It doubles the quantity of respirable particles less than 4.7 micrometers (FPM4.7) from an MDI. Spacers or ...